娑叉櫠涓殑榄旀硶 | 璇哄寰椾富Wilczek涓撴爮

鍒堕€犳樉绀哄睆鐨勭濂囨潗鏂欐嫢鏈夊垱閫犳湭鏉ユ妧鏈殑鎯婁汉娼滃姏銆侟/p>

The uncanny material in your TV display may hold astonishing potential for creating future technologies.

鐗╃悊瀛︿腑鏈€鍚稿紩浜虹殑棰嗗煙鎴栬鏄畤瀹欏鍜岄偅浜涘鎵炬柊鍩烘湰瀹氬緥鐨勭爺绌躲€備絾闄ゆ涔嬪锛岃繕鏈変竴涓墠娌块鍩熶篃鏄潪甯告湁鎰忔€濈殑锛岄偅灏辨槸瀵绘眰榄旀硶銆傚綋鐒讹紝鎴戞寚鐨勪笉鏄獥浜虹殑灏忔妸鎴忥紝鑰屾槸绉戝够浣滃浜氱憻路C路鍏嬫媺鍏嬶紙Arthur C. Clarke锛夋墍璇犻噴鐨勯偅绉嶉瓟娉曗€斺€斾粬鏈変釜钁楀悕鐨勫畾寰嬶細鈥滀换浣曡冻澶熷厛杩涚殑绉戞妧锛岀殕涓庨瓟娉曟棤寮傘€傗€滭/p>

The most glamorous ?elds in physics are probably cosmology and the search for new fundamental laws. While those subjects are glorious, there鈥檚 also another frontier to relish: the pursuit of magic. Of course, here I don鈥檛 mean trickery but magic in the spirit of the science-?ction writer Arthur C. Clarke鈥檚 famous law: 鈥淎ny su?ciently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.鈥滭/p>

姣忓綋鎴戜滑瀛﹀埌鎺屾帶鐗╃悊涓栫晫鐨勬柊鏂规硶鏃讹紝榄旀硶灏变細闄嶄复銆傚緢澶氱鎶€鏀惧埌涓€鐧惧勾鍓嶅畬鍏ㄥ氨鏄瓟娉曪紝姣斿锛屾牳鑳姐€佺鍏辨尟鎴愬儚鍜孏PS锛屽畠浠兘鏉ヨ嚜绁炲鐨勯噺瀛愪笘鐣屻€侟/p>

This kind of magic happens when we learn new ways to control the physical world. Many technologies that would have seemed utterly magical a hundred years ago鈥攊ncluding nuclear energy, magnetic resonance imaging and GPS鈥攈ave bubbled up from the quantum world.

鍙槸鐜颁唬榄旀硶杩樻湁鍙﹀涓€涓垎鏀紝瀹冪殑婧愬ご涓嶅儚閲忓瓙鍔涘閭ｆ牱鏄捐但锛岃嚦浠婃病鏈夊彈鍒拌冻澶熺殑閲嶈锛岃繕鏈夐潪甯稿法澶х殑娼滃姏灏氭湭鍙戞尌鍑烘潵銆備綘鍙互浠庤偉鐨傜洅閲岀矘绯婄硦鐨勬畫娓嶄腑闅愮害瀵熻鍒板畠鐨勮洓涓濋┈杩广€傚熀纭€绉戝璇惧父甯稿绉扮墿璐ㄦ湁涓夋€侊細鍥烘€併€佹恫鎬佸拰姘旀€侊紝鐒惰€岃嚜鐒剁晫涓殑鐗╂€佽繙姣旇繖涓板瘜銆傝繖绉嶉粡鎬х墿璐ㄥ氨灞炰簬涓夋€佷箣澶栫殑鍙︿竴绉嶇墿鎬侊細娑叉櫠銆侟/p>

But there鈥檚 another branch of modern magic, underappreciated and still vastly underdeveloped, that has humbler origins. You can see a hint of it in the gooey residue left behind in your soapdish. Elementary science classes advertise three 鈥渟tates of matter鈥濃€攕olid, liquid and gas鈥攂ut that barely scratches the surface of what鈥檚 out there. That goo is something else: a liquid crystal.

娑叉櫠鏄竴绉嶆棦鑳藉儚娑蹭綋涓€鏍锋祦鍔紝鍙堣兘鍍忔櫠浣撲竴鏍蜂笌鍏夊彂鐢熺浉浜掍綔鐢ㄧ殑鐙壒鐗╂€併€傚畠浠€氬父鐢辫緝闀跨殑鏈夋満鍒嗗瓙鏋勬垚銆傛恫鏅剁殑濂囧涔嬪鍦ㄤ簬锛屼竴鏂归潰杩欎簺鍒嗗瓙瀹氬悜鎺掑垪鎴愭煇绉嶈鍒欑殑鍥炬锛岃€屽彟涓€鏂归潰瀹冧滑鐨勪腑蹇冨嵈鍙互鑷敱绉诲姩銆傝繖浜涙柟鍚戝浐瀹氱殑鍒嗗瓙灏卞儚涓€涓釜灏忕殑鐢电娉㈡帴鏀跺ぉ绾匡紝鍙互鍚告敹鍏夛紝骞跺皢鍏惰浆鎹㈡垚鍙﹀鐨勫舰寮忋€侟/p>

Liquid crystals, which ?ow like liquids but interact with light like crystal, are a distinct phase of matter. They are usually made from long organic molecules. Their basic secret is that those molecules are oriented in regular patterns, while their centers can move freely. The oriented molecules act like little antennas for the electromagnetic waves we see as light. They absorb those waves and then retransmit them in altered forms.

鐢变簬娑叉櫠鍏兼湁鏅朵綋鏀瑰彉鍏夌殑鑳藉姏涓庢恫浣撶殑娴佸姩鎬э紝瀹冧滑鍙互鐢ㄤ簬鍒朵綔瓒呮煍闊с€佸棰滆壊鏁忔劅鐨勬１闀滃拰鍋忔尟鐗囥€傝繖浣垮緱瀹冧滑鍦ㄦ樉绀哄櫒鍒堕€犳柟闈㈡瀬涓烘湁鐢ㄣ€傚疄闄呬笂锛屾恫鏅舵槸缁濆ぇ澶氭暟鐜颁唬璁＄畻鏈烘樉绀哄睆鐨勬牳蹇冩潗鏂欍€侟/p>

Because liquid crystals combine light-altering properties with ?uidity, they can provide ultra-?exible, color-sensitive lenses and polarizers. This makes them tremendously useful for building visual displays. Indeed, liquid crystals are central players in most modern computer screens.

娑叉櫠鐨勬暟瀛︾悊璁鸿瀺鍚堜簡鏅朵綋澶嶆潅鐨勫绉版€т笌娴佷綋涓板瘜鐨勫姩鍔涘锛屽苟杩涗竴姝ュ垎鏋愪簡杩欎簺鍥犵礌瀵规恫鏅剁殑鍏夊鐗规€ф湁鎬庢牱鐨勫奖鍝嶃€?991骞达紝娉曞浗鐗╃悊瀛﹀鐨焹灏?鍚夊嫆路寰风儹绾筹紙Pierre-Gilles de Gennes锛夊洜鍏跺娑叉櫠鐞嗚鐨勮础鐚崳鑾疯璐濆皵鐗╃悊瀛﹀銆侟/p>

The mathematical theory of liquid crystals combines the intricate symmetry of crystalline patterns with the dynamical richness of liquid ?ows and then examines how these elements interact with light. In 1991, Pierre-Gilles de Gennes won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contributions to that theory.

鐒惰€屾垜浠娑叉櫠鐨勭悊瑙ｈ繕杩滀笉姝簬姝わ紝鏇寸濂囩殑鏄紝娑叉櫠杩樻槸鐢熷懡鐨勬牳蹇冦€傛湁涓€绉嶇壒娈婄殑浜岀淮娑叉櫠锛屽畠鍗锋洸褰㈡垚闂悎鐞冮潰锛岀粍鎴愪簡缁嗚優琛ㄩ潰浠ュ強缁嗚優鍐呬笉鍚屽姛鑳藉崟鍏冧箣闂寸殑钖勮啘銆傝繖浜涙恫鏅惰兘閫夋嫨鎬у湴璁╁悇绫讳笉鍚岀墿璐ㄩ€氳繃锛屼粠鑰岃缁嗚優鍙互杩涢銆佹秷鍖栥€佹帓娉勪笌鍛煎惛銆傚畠浠繕浼氱敓闀裤€佸彂鑺藉拰鍒嗚锛岃€岃繖浜涙椿鍔ㄦ鏄敓鐗╁彂鑲蹭笌绻佹畺鐨勬牴鏈熀纭€銆侟/p>

Yet when it comes to our understanding of liquid crystals, the best is yet to come. In fact, liquid crystals are central to life itself. A special kind of twodimensional liquid crystal, closed up into sphere-like surfaces, forms the membranes that de?ne the boundaries of cells and of functional units within cells. These crystals can selectively dissolve complex protein molecules, thus accommodating cellular eating, digestion, excretion and respiration. They can also grow, bud and ?ssion鈥攁ctivities that are the soul of biological development and reproduction.

鍦ㄨ繖鏂归潰锛屼汉绫荤殑宸ョ▼甯堣繕杩滀笉鍙婂ぇ鑷劧銆傛垜浠殑鏈哄櫒涓嶄細澶嶅埗銆佺敓闀垮拰鑷垜淇锛屽湪璋冩帶涓庣幆澧冪殑浜掑姩鏃讹紝涔熻繙杈句笉鍒扮敓鐗╅偅鑸殑绮惧澶嶆潅銆備汉绫诲彂灞曟恫鏅舵妧鏈殑涓昏鐡堕鏄細灏界鎴戜滑鏈夋弿杩版恫鏅剁殑鍑鸿壊鏂圭▼锛屽嵈骞朵笉鎿呴暱鍒╃敤瀹冩潵鎸囧鍒涙柊璁捐銆侟/p>

Human engineers haven鈥檛 caught up to nature鈥檚 skill in this medium. Our machines don鈥檛 reproduce, develop, heal or regulate intercourse with their environment with anything approaching the sophistication of biology. A major bottleneck is that although we have good equations for liquid crystals, we鈥檙e not yet good at using those equations to guide creative design.

杩欎釜闂鍙兘澶鏉備簡锛屼互鑷充簬瓒呰秺浜嗘垜浠ぇ鑴戞湰韬殑鑳藉姏銆傝€岃竟鍋氳竟瀛︼紙鎴栨洿鍑嗙‘鍦拌锛岃竟妯℃嫙杈瑰锛夌殑璁＄畻鏈虹▼搴忓垯寰堝彲鑳借儨杩囨垜浠汉绫荤殑閫昏緫鎺ㄥ锛屽府鎴戜滑鑾峰緱鏇村鐨勬垚鍔熻璁°€傛妧鏈氨鏄繖鏍疯繘姝ョ殑锛氫粖澶╃殑榄旀硶浼氬瓡鑲插嚭鏄庡ぉ鐨勯瓟娉曘€侟/p>

This problem may be too complicated for unaided human brains. It seems likely that computer algorithms, which learn by doing (or, more accurately, by simulating), will yield more successful designs than conventional human logic. In this way, today鈥檚 magic will conjure up tomorrow's.

浣滆€呯畝浠婞/p>

Frank Wilczek锛氬紬鍏板厠路缁村皵鍒囧厠鏄夯鐪佺悊宸ュ闄㈢墿鐞嗗鏁欐巿銆侀噺瀛愯壊鍔ㄥ姏瀛︾殑濂犲熀浜轰箣涓€銆傚洜鍦ㄥじ鍏嬬矑瀛愮悊璁猴紙寮轰綔鐢級鏂归潰鎵€鍙栧緱鐨勬垚灏憋紝浠栧湪2004骞磋幏寰椾簡璇鸿礉灏旂墿鐞嗗濂栥€侟/p>

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发布媒体：好百科 作者：杩旀湸