璇哄寰椾富Wilczek锛氬湪缂洪櫡涓婂墠杩沖鐭ラ亾鏃ユ姤

寮楀叞鍏嬄风淮灏斿垏鍏嬫槸楹荤渷鐞嗗伐瀛﹂櫌鐗╃悊瀛︽暀鎺堛€侀噺瀛愯壊鍔ㄥ姏瀛︾殑濂犲熀浜轰箣涓€銆傚洜鍙戠幇浜嗛噺瀛愯壊鍔ㄥ姏瀛︾殑娓愯繎鑷敱鐜拌薄锛屼粬鍦?004骞磋幏寰椾簡璇鸿礉灏旂墿鐞嗗濂栥€侟/p>

鎾版枃 | Frank Wilczek

缈昏瘧 | 鑳￠銆佹涓佸綋

涓枃鐗圏/p>

鏋勫缓澶嶆潅妯″瀷寰€寰€浼氬甫鏉ユ柊鐨勭獊鐮达紝鍝€曟ā鍨嬫渶缁堟槸鏈夌己闄风殑銆侟/p>

钁楀悕鐗╃悊瀛﹀鐞嗘煡寰 路 璐规浖锛圧ichard Feynman锛夌殑榛戞澘涓婏紝涓€涓釜鏁板寮忓瓙鍜岀數鎶ヤ技鐨勪换鍔℃竻鍗曞啓浜嗗張鎿︼紝鎿︿簡鍙堝啓銆傚敮鏈変竴鍙ヨ瘽濮嬬粓淇濈暀鍦ㄩ粦鏉跨殑宸︿笂瑙 锛氣€滃鏋滄垜涓嶈兘鍒涢€狅紝鎴戝氨娌℃湁鐪熸鐞嗚В銆傗€濈洿鍒?988骞磋垂鏇煎幓涓栵紝杩欏彞璇濅粛鐣欏湪浠栫殑榛戞澘涓娿€傛垜涓嶇煡閬撹繖鍙ヨ瘽鍒板簳瀵硅垂鏇兼剰鍛崇潃浠€涔堛€備絾鎴戠寽锛屽畠鏌愮绋嬪害涓婃槸涓€绉嶈嚜鎴戝憡璇 锛氣€滄瀯寤烘ā鍨嬶紒鈥滭/p>

杩欏彞绠磋█娣辨浜庣瀛﹀疄璺点€備絾鍦ㄧ瀛﹀彂灞曞彶涓婏紝杩欑鐮旂┒鏂瑰紡鍙皳姣佽獕鍙傚崐銆傝憲鍚嶇殑鎵樺嫆瀵嗙殑鈥滃ぉ鐞冣€濆拰瑭瑰鏂峰厠鎷夊厠 路 楹﹀厠鏂煢锛圝ames Clerk Maxwell锛夌殑鈥滄満姊颁互澶€濆氨鏄袱涓吀鍨嬬殑渚嬪瓙銆侟/p>

鎵樺嫆瀵嗙殑钁椾綔銆婅嚦澶ц銆嬪畬鎴愪簬鍏厓150骞达紝涓€鐩村埌16涓栫邯瀹冧緷鐒舵槸澶╂枃瀛︾殑鏈€楂樻暟瀛︾悊璁恒€傝憲浣滅殑鏍稿績鏄竴涓簿蹇冩瀯寤虹殑妯″瀷锛岀敤鏉ユā鎷熻倝鐪艰娴嬪埌鐨勬亽鏄熴€佸お闃炽€佹湀浜互鍙婃按鏄熴€侀噾鏄熴€佺伀鏄熴€佹湪鏄熷拰鍦熸槦绛夎鏄熷湪澶╃┖涓殑杩愬姩銆傝繖浜涘ぉ浣撳祵鍦ㄤ竴涓釜澶у皬涓嶄竴銆佹棆杞€熷害涓嶅悓鐨勮疆瀛愪笂銆傚叾涓竴浜涜疆瀛愮粫鐫€鍙︿竴涓洿澶х殑杞瓙鏃嬭浆锛屽悗鑰呭張鍐嶇粫鐫€鍙︿竴涓疆瀛愭棆杞紝褰㈡垚鎵€璋撶殑鏈疆銆傚湪鎵樺嫆瀵嗙殑鏁版嵁椹卞姩浣撶郴涓紝鍦扮悆琚祴浜堢壒娈婄殑鍦颁綅锛屽浐瀹氬湪妯″瀷鐨勪腑蹇冦€侟/p>

灏煎彜鎷夋柉 路 鍝ョ櫧灏硷紙Miko?aj Kopernik锛夌殑鐮旂┒鍩轰簬鎵樺嫆瀵嗕綋绯伙紝鍗存渶缁堝湪鏍规湰涓婃捈鍔ㄤ簡鎵樺嫆瀵嗕綋绯汇€備粬娉ㄦ剰鍒板湪鎵樺嫆瀵嗘湰杞殑澶у皬鍜屾棆杞箣闂村瓨鍦ㄧ潃涓€绉嶇郴缁熸€х殑鑱旂郴銆傚湪鎵樺嫆瀵嗕綋绯讳腑锛岃繖浜涜仈绯讳笉杩囨槸鏌愮绁炵鐨勫阀鍚堛€備絾鍝ョ櫧灏煎彂鐜帮紝濡傛灉鍦ㄦā鍨嬩腑鍏佽鍦扮悆浠ヤ袱绉嶆柟寮忚繍鍔 锛氭瘡澶╃粫杞磋浆鍔紝姣忓勾缁曞お闃宠繍琛岋紝鍒欒繖绉嶈仈绯诲氨浼氳嚜鍔ㄦ弧瓒炽€傚摜鐧藉凹鐨勫垱鏂版渶缁堝鑷翠簡瀵瑰ぉ浣撹繍鍔ㄦ埅鐒朵笉鍚岀殑瑙ｉ噴 锛涘湪鐗涢】鐨勭粡鍏镐綋绯讳腑锛屾病鏈夎櫄鏋勭殑鏈疆锛屽彧鏈夌湡瀹炵墿浣撳拰鎻忚堪瀹冧滑鐨勬櫘閫傚畾寰嬨€傚畠涓嶅啀鍙槸妯″瀷锛岃€屾槸璧よ８瑁哥殑鐜板疄銆侟/p>

19涓栫邯鏃讹紝楹﹀厠鏂煢涓轰簡灏濊瘯鐞嗚В鐢电鐜拌薄锛岃鎯充簡涓€涓笌浼椾笉鍚岀殑鏈烘妯″瀷銆備粬鎯宠薄绌洪棿涓爢婊′簡鐪嬩笉瑙佺殑婊氭憜鍜岄娇杞紝瀹冧滑蹇犲疄鍦颁紶閫掔潃鐢电鐨勫姏鍜岃兘閲忋€傞€氳繃璁＄畻锛岄害鍏嬫柉闊︽儕璁跺湴鍙戠幇杩欎簺鍋囨兂鏈烘涓殑鎵板姩灞呯劧浠ュ厜閫熻繘琛屼紶鎾€備粬澶ц儐鍦版帹鏂厜鏄竴绉嶇數纾佹壈鍔ㄣ€傚悗鏉ワ紝楹﹀厠鏂煢鎶涘純浜嗕粬鐨勬粴鎽嗛娇杞ā鍨嬶紝鎻愮偧鍑轰簡涓€缁勫叧浜庡彲瑙傛祴鐨勭數鍦哄拰纾佸満鐨勬櫘閫傚畾寰嬨€傝繖灏辨槸鎴戜滑浠婂ぉ浣跨敤鐨勬墍璋撻害鍏嬫柉闊︽柟绋嬬粍銆傚張涓€娆★紝褰撶湡鐩稿鍏夎姃鍠疯杽鑰屽嚭锛岄偅浜涙潅涔辨棤绔犵殑妯″瀷涔熼殢涔嬬儫娑堜簯鏁ｃ€侟/p>

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鍦ㄤ竴绾垮伐浣滅殑绉戝瀹跺枩娆㈠浼犫€滅嫭绔嬩簬妯″瀷鈥濈殑缁撴灉锛岃€岀暐杩囧鑷磋繖浜涚粨鏋滅殑娣蜂贡鐨勫垱閫犳€ф€濈淮杩囩▼銆傝繖涓鸿鑰呰妭鐪佷簡鏃堕棿锛屼篃璁╃瀛﹀鐪嬭捣鏉ュ緢鑱槑銆備絾褰撶粨鏋滅湡鐨勫緢閲嶈鐨勬椂鍊欙紝浜嗚В杩欎簺缁撴灉璇炵敓鐨勮繃绋嬩笉浠呮湁瓒ｄ篃瀵屾湁鍚彂鎰忎箟銆傝┕濮嗘柉路娌冩．锛圝ames Watson锛夊湪浠栫殑鍥炲繂褰曘€婂弻铻烘棆銆嬶紙The Double Helix锛変腑鍧﹂湶浜嗕粬鍙戠幇DNA缁撴瀯鐨勬洸鎶樼粡鍘嗭紝璁╂垜浠鑾疯嚦瀹濄€侟/p>

鎴戞敹鍒拌繃鐨勪竴涓渶濂界殑骞歌繍楗硷紝鍏朵腑鏈変竴鍙ョ被浼艰垂鏇兼牸瑷€鐨勭璇 锛氣€滃疄璺靛嚭鐪熺煡銆傗€濊繖鏄竴涓澘鏅虹殑寤鸿锛屾棤璁虹瀛﹁繕鏄敓娲伙紝閮芥槸濡傛銆侟/p>

鑻辨枃鐗圏/p>

The work of constructing elaborate systems often leads to breakthroughs鈥攅ven when the systems themselves turn out to be flawed.

The blackboard of the famed physicist Richard Feynman mostly featured an everchanging mix of math and telegraphic to-do lists. But in the upper left-hand corner a boxed sentence lingered for years: 鈥淲hat I cannot create I do not understand.鈥 It was still there when he died, in 1988. I don鈥檛 know exactly what that sentence meant to Feynman, but I suspect it was partly a self-reminding exhortation:鈥淢ake models!鈥滭/p>

That advice has deep roots in scientific practice. It鈥檚 got a mixed reputation, though. Two famous historical examples, featuring Ptolemy鈥檚 鈥渃elestial spheres鈥 and James Clerk Maxwell鈥檚 鈥渕echanical ether,鈥 show why.

Ptolemy鈥檚 treatise 鈥淎lmagest鈥 (Arabic for 鈥淭he Greatest鈥? was the state of the art in mathematical astronomy from its genesis around the year 150 into the 16th century. Its centerpiece was an elaborate model that reproduced the observed motion of objects seen in the sky by the naked eye鈥攕tars, the sun, the moon, and the planets Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn. They were carried along by celestial spheres of different sizes, rotating at different rates. Some of the spheres had to roll onto other spheres, which rolled onto still others, making so-called epicycles. In Ptolemy鈥檚 data-driven system, Earth was taken to be a fixed vantage point at the center.

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543), whose work ultimately undermined Ptolemy鈥檚 system, originally built upon it. He noticed systematic relationships among the sizes and rotations of Ptolemy鈥檚 spheres. Within Ptolemy鈥檚 system those relationships were mysterious coincidences, but Copernicus found that they followed automatically if one鈥檚 model allowed Earth to move in two ways: daily around an axis and yearly around the Sun. Copernicus鈥檚 reforms ultimately led to a radically different account of celestial motion; in Newton鈥檚 classical system there are no imaginary celestial spheres, but only physical bodies and universal laws. It is no mere model, but reality laid bare.

In the 19th century James Clerk Maxwell, striving to understand electricity and magnetism, imagined a different mechanical model. Maxwell鈥檚 space-filling mishmash of invisible wheels and gears faithfully transmitted the energies and forces of electrcity and magnetism. Amazingly, Maxwell discovered (by calculation) that disturbances within his machine spread at the observed speed of light. He boldly deduced that light is an electromagnetic disturbance. Later Maxwell dispensed with his wheels and gears, to distill a set of universal laws that only involve things we can observe, namely electric and magnetic fields. These are the so-called Maxwell equations that we use today. Here again, revealed reality blew away kludgy models.

Traditional science texts tend to celebrate mature results, while deprecating the meandering, often erratic processes that led to them. That so-called 鈥淲higgish鈥 tradition of science disdains the clutter of Ptolemy鈥檚 鈥渆picycles鈥 and Maxwell鈥檚 鈥渕echanical ether.鈥漎et without Ptolemy鈥檚 mathematically precise modeling, Copernicus鈥檚 reforms and Newton鈥檚 revelations would have been unthinkable鈥攍iterally.

Likewise, Maxwell鈥檚 modeling gave him a scaffolding he could build on (and later jettison). Its spirit lives on in the modern science of crafting known materials鈥攁nd designing 鈥渕eta-materials鈥 鈥攖o sculpt the behavior of electromagnetic fields.

Practicing scientists like to advertise 鈥渕odelindependent鈥 results and suppress the messy creative thought processes that led to them. This saves time for readers, and makes the scientists look clever. But when results are truly important, it鈥檚 entertaining and instructive to find out how people got to them. James Watson鈥檚 memoir 鈥淭he Double Helix鈥 aired his dirty linen around discovering the structure of DNA and gifted us a gem.

My best-ever fortune cookie contained a variant of Feynman鈥檚 maxim: 鈥淭he work will teach you how to do it.鈥 It is wise advice, in science as in life.

鏈枃缁忔巿鏉冭浆杞借嚜寰俊鍏紬鍙封€滆敾浜鏈€濄€侟/p>

鐗 鍒 鎻 绀裹/p>

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标题：璇哄寰椾富Wilczek锛氬湪缂洪櫡涓婂墠杩沖鐭ラ亾鏃ユ姤 网址：http://www.jrxk.cn/view/252879.html

发布媒体：好百科 作者：杩旀湸